In general defense in two areas of defense and passive defense has long been associated with the creation of man and man's time, using more advanced techniques and resources they have. But this progress has not been uniform in all parts of the planet relative to the differences led the countries to think of rape, assault and threatening other countries to afford. So the threated country of the use of programs for self-defense was thinking that one of these programs from the standpoint of passive defense is territorial defense preparation. So that the plans to regulate the residence, employment, facilities, infrastructure and services with regard to defense and security, environmental and human, position and shape of the land and the economic, social, cultural and ... and considers all aspects of crisis and danger. From this perspective, many of the goals and principles of passive defense in the context of land use planning in the world. In general, land use planning is a forward-looking and fair view of the use and operation of the power and functionality of the environment and a vision of security and defense in the distribution of people, activities and the infrastructure of people in the space of a country's. In this study, using the analytical method to analyze and study the documentation and analysis of business issues on security and defense of the national level to municipal level has been assessed. For this reason and because of the political situation and the threats against Iran in the region and the world takes place and also the spatial analysis of the scattering of residence and activity in this study, the results indicate an imbalance in rural and urban systems, facilities and infrastructure, employment and activity and... The attention again of political, military and planners authorities is necessary to balance security and defense, and also avoid thinking of harassment and intimidation in the country.

between population distribution and activities in the land and regions, which can adjust the relationship between man and his activities with a holistic, comprehensive and long-term approach in planning. Employing the factor of population in a country by using the set of actual and potential capacities, capabilities and abilities of that country, in order to achieve and secure its national interests, can lead to the improvement of deterrence against multifaceted threats. In the meantime, economy is one of the important components of power, in addition to influencing international and regional equations, it also has a significant effect on the arrangement of the population in a territorial arrangement. This research seeks to find the answer to the question, what is the function of territorial planning in economic defense with an emphasis on the population? have been. The type of research is applied-developmental with a descriptive-exploratory method and it was done qualitatively. In this research, while studying documents and articles, as well as obtaining the opinions and opinions of experts and experts through interviews and forming an elite focal group, the results of economic defense factors with an emphasis on the population based on the function of land use in terms of quality and quantity, as well as economic factors in two environments It has been evaluated nationally and transnationally. According to the results of the research, 3 executive and practical suggestions of economic defense factors have been presented with an emphasis on the population in territorial planning.‏

Land planning focuses on creating a logical relationship between population distribution and activities within a geographical area, identifying regional capabilities and resources to balance this relationship. In the context of all-round defense, it examines the features of community space to ensure an optimal distribution of the population and support cultural, social, political, and other activities. This research aims to explore the role of territorial planning in political defense, with a particular emphasis on population dynamics in both national and transnational contexts.The study is applied-developmental, using a descriptive method and qualitative approach. It involves document analysis and expert interviews, including an elite focus group. The research evaluates political defense factors, considering both the quality and quantity of demographic aspects in national and transnational environments. It identifies 22 factors in the national environment and 12 in the transnational environment.The results indicate that paying attention to the strategic distribution of the population and effectively utilizing regional biological and geographical capacities can strengthen political defense and enhance national capabilities. The research highlights the importance of territorial planning in promoting security and defense strategies on a national scale.

Introduction Iran is a rugged landscape with varied morphologies. Kermanshah Province is a mountainous region which lies between the Iranian plateau and Mesopotamia at Zagros Mountain Range. This area has geopolitical military value and importance. Past experiences have shown that large military units are not suitable for operations in this area. This is a problematic area for opposing forces, because natural geographical conditions make coordination difficult. During the Imposed War, the area has been continuously attacked by the enemy, due to its prevailing geographic conditions. After the war, the presence of US forces and more recently ISIS terrorists in Iraq have increased the sensitivity of the region. Now, despite the presence of a Shi'a government in Iraq, the region is continuously provoked and made insecure by transborder forces. Considering the policy of our enemies (America, terrorists, etc. ) in the region, the vicinity of Iranian city of Qasar-e Shirin to the city of Khanqin in Iraq has made it possible to use the region as a source for offensive operations against Iran or conducting any operation in the region. Regarding military threats from the west, this axis is the best place to advance and dominate the western regions. It is also used by armed insurgents seeking to threaten and perform ruinous operations in the region. In this regard, it is necessary to examine and analyze topographical phenomena and defensive capabilities of this axis from a natural and human geographic perspective. Qasr-e-Shirin axis in Kermanshah has several capabilities for territorial defense of the province. One of the most important capabilities is the use of geographic topographic factors affecting widespread military regular and irregular operations. These factors result in channeling and delaying of operations and show the effects of topography on the implementation of military movements, disrupting the order of operations and loss of commanders’ concentration. Few researches have considered this important issue and geographical capabilities of this axis, as a means for defending the western region, have not been investigated scientifically and systematically. Materials & Methods The research method is descriptive-analytic. Thus, the following process was predicted to achieve the objectives of the plan.-Secondary research-Investigating natural factors in the studied area considering 1: 50000 and 1: 250000topographic maps, data and indexes are recorded on digital model of the region.-Digital capturing and 3D reconstruction of the region by Surfer Software.-Field observations, photographing and filming geographical phenomena in the region, adapting to documentary data and using the comments of military experts and senior commanders in the region and province.-Analyzing the morphology and studying topographic phenomena and defense capabilities of this axis from a geographic perspective. Results & Discussion The axis extends from Khosravi to the entrance of Kermanshah city with a length of 188 km. This road was previously called Iran's security corridor. Now, it is called Karbala Highway and has a significant and strategic role in the relationship between the two countries, Iran and Iraq, and other countries with similar religious interests. The new and old route connecting Tehran to Karbala or Baghdad cross this region. The geographic location of the region and the direction of these elevations are parallel to the border. The ground slope gradually decreases from east to west, and the elevations continue up to the Mesopotamia. In the eight years of Iranian Sacred Defense, Qasr-e-Shirin, Diyala, Khanqinin, Dehliz-e patag were considered to be operational axes. Therefore, due to being mountainous; ethnic, racial, religious convergence and divergence of indigenous inhabitants with the Islamic Republic of Iran and Iraq, this axis was studied and analyzed with the aim of protecting territorial zones of the Islamic Republic of Iran and creating a defensive plan for the region. Perhaps, it can be claimed that the most appropriate axis for advancing toward the central parts of Iran is the western region of the country (Qasr-e Shirin axis, Eslamabad-e Gharb, Kermanshah). Therefore, it is necessary to study the defensive features and identify its strengths and weaknesses. Also, recognizing natural landscapes, identifying passages, routes, and important defensible bridges makes it possible to use natural and topographical features and prevent the enemy from advancing toward the center of the country. Conclusion Kermanshah Province and the city of Qasr-e-Shirin are bordered by Iraq. They are also located near the centers of Takfiri, ISIS, and terrorist crisis, which can cause insecurity on local, regional and national levels. In order to ensure security, some aspects need to be investigated, which to some extent rely on natural and human factors and the presentation of a territorial defense plan in the region. Regarding the geographic location of the region, natural factors are a positive point. By taking control of sensitive areas, it is possible to control and stop military movements. Examining geographic factors, we can mention the following issues: (A) Elevations in the Kermanshah province: going from east to west, the ground elevation decreases, and Kermanshah highlands overshadow the Mesopotamian plain, which provides the possibility of performing any offensive and defensive operation for Iran. (B) Studying communication pathways in border regions of Kermanshah province, it can be concluded that communication pathways have an important role in achieving military, political, economic goals. Routes connecting Qasr-e-Shirin to Sar-e Pol Zahab, Eslamabad-e Gharb and Kermanshah have strategic military, political, and economic value. During Iran-Iraq war, these road was used for military and political purposes, but today they are used for economic purposes. C) By examining the geometric features of the border between Kermanshah province and Iraq, it can be concluded that the convex form of Qasar-e Shirin border is of military importance for Iran and thus, Iraq first occupied this area during Iran-Iraq war. Finally, this axis passes through mountainous narrow areas, and thus it is the best place to delay, stop, and channel enemy's ground movements.

The planning of border areas in West Azarbaijan province has a special position in the country's development system due to its long borders and the location of more than 858 km of the province on the international borders with neighboring countries. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to achieve security-defense strategies in West Azerbaijan province with the approach of spatial planning. The research methodology is based on a futuristic research approach and uses techniques such as Delphi method, cross-impact analysis, MicMac software, scenario-wizard and SWOT analytical model to analyze the findings. The results show that there are 16 key factors which play a key role in the security development of the province, and 48 possible future statuses was considered for them. Then, with expert comments and based on the analyzes of the Scenario Wizard software, 17 believable scenarios and 5 strong scenarios were extracted. The results show that 39. 58% of these scenarios are desirable and 38. 88% of the nine-sided scenarios show critical situations, the probability of realization of static conditions is about 21. 52%. This suggests that in the defense and security strategies of the border regions of West Azerbaijan province, the probability of occurrence of static conditions is low, but the probability of occurrence of two favorable and critical conditions with a small percentage difference is higher. Finally, based on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats presented for each of the strong scenarios and using the SWOT model, security strategies for the province were developed.

A B S T R A C T Transformations such as globalization, the contiguity of geographical spaces, as well as developments in the field of military technologies have transformed the issue of defense as the main factor for the survival of countries. Because the transformation from hard to soft war and then the smart war in recent decades has changed the approaches to defense. These transformations have led to the development of discussions about defense purposes. Meanwhile, Middle East countries have a prominent position and importance in terms of defense due to their special conditions. This article has tried to investigate the basic dimensions affecting the defense of foreign countries with descriptive and analytical methods, using library and field findings and Smart-PLS software. The results of the current research show that the effective components in the current research include 130 items that are placed in the form of 15 dimensions. The importance of these dimensions in defense of the Middle East countries is, respectively, geopolitical dimension with a 0.43 score, military dimension with a 0.41 score, economic dimension with a 0.41 score, political dimension with a 0.39 score, hydrology dimension with a 0.34 score, security dimension with a 0.32 score, social dimension with a 0.29 score, demographic dimension with a 0.28 score, cultural dimension with a 0.26 score, scientific-health dimension with a 0.25 score, geomorphological dimension with a 0.25 score, mathematical dimension with a 0.2 score, climatic dimension with a 0.2 score, biological dimension with a 0.2 score and soil dimension with a 0.18 score. Extended Abstract Introduction Security and defense are among the most vital issues for the preservation and survival of countries. In fact, defense and military affairs are necessary for countries' independence and political, cultural and economic development. Among them, geography and political geography are prominent fields that directly affect defense issues. Actions taken by a country in dimensions (political, military, economic, etc.) in order to maintain security and territorial integrity, guarantee independence and protection of its people against any enemy attack, will organize the geographical (spatial) environment, wise and appropriate distribution of critical places and sensitive centers and infrastructures are identified by taking into account the threats and the correct use of environmental capacities in political, economic, social, cultural, etc. dimensions, and as a result, it can lead to stability and stability in the country's geographical space. The design of defense planning model according to the economic, cultural, political and environmental features in the new era when countries are facing external and internal threats as a sub-branch of territorial planning has received the attention and importance of officials and governance systems in order to be able to reduce these threats with accurate and systematic planning in the geographical space, defense planning is not separate from the flow of national and regional planning. It is important to pay attention to it based on the type and amount of external and internal threats to governance. Due to the expansion of the security circle, the government is not only responsible for creating military security. However, it must also exercise part of its authority in the direction of territorial management. On the other hand, there has been a transformation in the form of threats and wars based on changes and the movement from hard to soft war and finally, smart war is the basis for reviewing and recognizing the components that can be used in defense of countries, including the Middle East countries, have a prominent position and importance. Despite the internal differences between countries, the Middle East has commonalities and connections that can directly affect the overall defense of this geographical space.   Methodology In terms of type and purpose, the current research is fundamentally applied. Also, it is descriptive and analytical in terms of nature. This research, in addition to the correct and realistic depiction of the defense situation of the Middle East countries, it is tried to provide a suitable model for the defense of the countries. The sources used in the current research are library and field sources (questionnaires). According to the subject of the current research, the statistical population of this research is a collection of people, experts and elites who have sufficient knowledge, experience and expertise regarding the research topic, which is the design of the defense model, according to the nature of the Delphi pattern model, at least the statistical population based on the sources should be between twenty and fifty people to reach statistical saturation. The number of selected samples included 51 people who were identified in the form of a non-random sampling pattern and introduced as a statistical sample in the framework of the Delphi model. Due to the qualitative nature of this research, it has been tried to use the Delphi model in the framework of the targeted non-random model. Therefore, based on these cases, the current research has selected the maximum statistical population of 51 elites, experts, and opinionated people in this field. In this research, to evaluate the research hypotheses in the form of the hardness equations model, the partial least squares method and the SMART-PLS software, which is a variance-based path modeling technique and provides the possibility of checking the theory and metrics simultaneously, have been exerted.   Results and discussion In this research, approaches such as political, military, cultural, etc., in the field of land use have been discussed. In the meantime, the defense of countries as an emerging approach is significant. According to the developments in geographical spaces, such as the evolution of military-defense technologies, the connection of geographical spaces to each other and most importantly, the movement from hard and soft war to smart war has witnessed a transformation and wide attention in a way that countries are suited to these developments are trying to prepare the geographical space of their country in terms of defense. Therefore, the defense planning of the Middle East countries as a geographical region has great importance from a geopolitical and strategic point of view, which indicates that the countries of this region face threats and complex defense-security issues in different ways.   Conclusion The results of the present research show that the defense planning in developing countries should be considered according to their characteristics, considering all 15 dimensions, which include 130 components. In the design of the defense planning of these countries, attention should be paid to the weight and importance of the shaping dimensions. In general, it can be said that the defense planning of the Middle East countries is proportional to the geographical features of these countries and on the other hand, considering the developments in the field of threats and moving from hard to smart war, 15 dimensions should be considered for the defense of these countries.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

The history of wars has shown that geomorphology from the largest to the smallest territorial scale at the strategic to tactical level has an effective approach to territorial defense. Environmental factors, such as geomorphology, essentially create the pattern by which military forces must think, plan, and decide to select and implement the best strategy. This study aims to assess the military geomorphology of Jask region and its effect on the territorial defense zoning. In this regard, 15 effective factors were examined and analyzed. To achieve the objectives of the research, 17 questionnaires to use the viewpoints of the defense and geomorphology experts were developed. Super Decision software was used to measure the factors and form the super matrices,and ARC GIS software and FANP model were used to draw the layers and their fuzzy. To prepare the defense geomorphology zoning map, the zoning of the region in 5 defense zones was defined from very unsuitable to very suitable. The results showed that suitable and very suitable areas are the east of Mount Mubarak in west of region to Lirdaf and Bihi in the east,suitable and very suitable zones are along the heights and mountainous areas singularly and separately,and very unsuitable, unsuitable and relatively unsuitable areas are along floodplains, smooth areas and surfaces with rocky outcrops that has no vegetation that leads to vulnerability and increase enemy surveillance.

This study deals with the role of historiography in preserving Iran's territorial integrity. The author believes that historiography in all periods of Iranian history has been a most important tool for preserving and reproducing Iranian territorial identity. It also strengthened the nationalism and has increased the importance of Iran's territorial integrity to elites and public opinion.,

Geopolitical factors are all the ones which, in the frame of geography, politics and power, affect the defensive strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) in the face of security-military threats. Geopolitical factors, based on the related studies, are stratified into 7 classes (environment, human, economy, military, politics, culture, science and technology). In the midst, this paper just deals with the politico-economic ones in a mixed case-based method in such a way that it falls in the type of applied-developmental studies. Doing so, it gathers data in the field and on desk and makes up a population of 73 persons; then, to pursue the theme of the study, it analyses the data upon Expertise Analysis. In this paper, Iraq is neither the enemy nor threat against the IRI, but the main foes are the trans-regional powers such as USA and Takfir-terrorist groups which threaten Iran through space and geography of Iraq. Following, the outcome of the study indicates that 26 politico-economic geopolitical factors in the frame of reinvigorating, opportunity-making, weakening and threatening bedrock pose impact on the IRI security-defense strategy out of which 5 ones are of no role. Following, subsequent to the calculation of the strategic position of Iran, it is revealed that IRI places in a competitive posture in the field of economy and politics.